b. [172] Doing so, Gorbachev secured dominance in the Politburo within a year, faster than either Stalin, Khrushchev, or Brezhnev had achieved. [300] There was hostility to such compromises from the Soviet military, but following the May 1987 Mathias Rust incidentin which a West German teenager was able to fly undetected from Finland and land in Red SquareGorbachev fired many senior military figures for incompetence. [651] In Russia, he is widely despised for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse in the 1990s. How did Phyllis Schlafly and her supporters invoke the principle of freedom in the battle over the ERA? From there, he moved quickly to national prominence. ***sign joint statement***, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Firefighter 1 Study Guide Questions. Entering into an unavoidable alliance with Yeltsin, Gorbachev quit the Communist Party, disbanded its Central Committee, and supported measures to strip the party of its control over the KGB and the armed forces. Investigation of the death of the USSR), First Secretary of the Stavropol CPSU Regional Committee, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbachev&oldid=1141561751, 19701978: First Secretary, Stavropol Regional Committee. c. decreased the national debt. In so many ways, the world we know today would not be the same without Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the former Soviet Union who died at the age of 91 on Tuesday . Tens of thousands of protesters massed outside it to prevent troops storming the building to arrest him. Last modified on Wed 31 Aug 2022 20.17 EDT. [485][487] He spoke out against the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia because it lacked UN backing, as well as the 2003 invasion of Iraq led by the U.S.[485] In June 2004, Gorbachev nevertheless attended Reagan's state funeral,[488] and in 2007 visited New Orleans to see the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina. Almost singlehandedly he brought an end to 40 years of east-west confrontation . On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned the presidency of the Soviet Union, which ceased to exist that same day. [65] His wife had also pursued a second degree, attaining a PhD in sociology in 1967 from the Moscow State Pedagogical University;[66] while in Stavropol she too joined the Communist Party. [568] Among his favorite authors were Arthur Miller, Dostoevsky, and Chinghiz Aitmatov, while he also enjoyed reading detective fiction. 20. d. the State Department program offering fast-tracked political asylum for South Vietnamese military officials and their families. [238], In his relations with the developing world, Gorbachev found many of its leaders professing revolutionary socialist credentials or a pro-Soviet attitudesuch as Libya's Muammar Gaddafi and Syria's Hafez al-Assadfrustrating, and his best personal relationship was instead with India's Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi. Mikhail Gorbachev was named a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1971. 32. [155] Shortly after Chernenko's death, the Politburo unanimously elected Gorbachev as his successor; they wanted him rather than another elderly leader. [586] McCauley thought Gorbachev displayed "great tactical skill" in maneuvering successfully between hardline MarxistLeninists and liberalisers for most of his time as leader, adding, though, that he was "much more skilled at tactical, short-term policy than strategic, long-term thinking", in part because he was "given to making policy on the hoof". "[519] At the end of July 2022, Gorbachev's close friend, journalist Alexei Venediktov, said that Gorbachev was very upset when he found out that Putin had launched an invasion of Ukraine. [610] Shortly before his death, Gorbachev underwent four more operations, lost 40 kilograms of weight, and could no longer walk. According to the "Sinatra Doctrine", the Soviet Union did not interfere and the media-informed Eastern European population realized that on the one hand their rulers were increasingly losing power and on the other hand the Iron Curtain was falling apart as a bracket for the Eastern Bloc. a. Nixon would stage a second political comeback in the Reagan administration. [227] They agreed to hold a summit in Geneva, Switzerland, in November 1985. Identify the grammatical error in each of the following sentences. It was held on November 19 and 20, 1985, between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. [375] In October 1990, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; he was flattered but acknowledged "mixed feelings" about the accolade. He would stop to talk to civilians on the street, forbade the display of his portrait at the 1985 Red Square holiday celebrations, and encouraged frank and open discussions at Politburo meetings. e. favored decreasing military spending. Stating that it would not contest the forthcoming elections, Gorbachev declared: "We are fighting for power, but only for power over people's minds". [430] The referendum in Ukraine on 1 December with a 90% turnout for secession from the Union was a fatal blow; Gorbachev had expected Ukrainians to reject independence. 55. A rising tide of antigovernment sentiment. [210] [648] Conversely, many of his Communist Party critics thought his reforms were reckless and threatened the survival of Soviet socialism;[649] some believed he should have followed the example of China's Communist Party and restricted himself to economic rather than governmental reforms. December 8, 1987. [396] By this point, Gorbachev was isolated from many of his former close allies and aides. Shortly thereafter Gorbachev restructured the Soviet government to include a bicameral parliament. [629] Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis said that Lithuanians would not glorify Gorbachev or forget about the 1991 January Events. [645] However he remains a controversial figure in the Baltic states for his role in suppressing pro-independence movements. e. The invasion toppled Cambodia's communist government. e. ended with a federal budget surplus. Things began to change in the mid-1980s, especially when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. a. included an emphasis on global human rights. above it. [93] Gorbachev later related that he was "deeply affected" by the incident; "my conscience tormented me" for overseeing Sadykov's persecution. Gorbachev's radical economists, headed by Grigory A. Yavlinsky, counseled him that Western-style success required a true market economy. [36] He gained a reputation as a mediator during disputes,[37] and was also known for being outspoken in class, although he would reveal some of his views only privately; for instance, he confided in some students his opposition to the Soviet jurisprudential norm that a confession proved guilt, noting that confessions could have been forced. 10. Mikhail Gorbachev Flashcards | Quizlet b. use military force, particularly in Southeast Asia. Dissatisfaction with the Yeltsin administration prompted Gorbachev to run for president of Russia in 1996. Putin also sent a telegram to Gorbachev's family, calling him "a politician and statesman who had a huge impact on the course of world history". e. Carter's bold boycott of the Moscow Olympics in protest over the invasion of Afghanistan dramatically improved his chances at reelection. [534] However, Jonathan Steele argued that Gorbachev failed to appreciate why the Baltic nations wanted independence and "at heart he was, and remains, a Russian imperialist". [157] Although not a well-known figure to the Soviet public, there was widespread relief that the new leader was not elderly and ailing. 27. [90] In August 1968 the Soviet Union led an invasion of Czechoslovakia to put an end to the Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization in the MarxistLeninist country. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares all of the following, except: Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017[641], Gorbachev's negotiations with the U.S. helped bring an end to the Cold War and reduced the threat of nuclear conflict. [666] In 2005, Gorbachev was awarded the Point Alpha Prize for his role in supporting German reunification. If the sentence contains no error, select answer choice E. The underlined portion of each sentence below contains some flaw. [220], In a May 1985 speech given to the Soviet Foreign Ministrythe first time a Soviet leader had directly addressed his country's diplomatsGorbachev spoke of a "radical restructuring" of foreign policy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Chapter 19 Section 3: Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy I. Gorbachev's Re-forms A. e. Republicans distanced themselves from Nixon and won majorities in 1974. d. Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government. [225] Although privately also appalled at the prospect of nuclear war, U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly appeared to not want a de-escalation of tensions, having scrapped dtente and arms controls, initiating a military build-up, and calling the Soviet Union the "evil empire". [317] By 1988, the Soviet "nationality question" was increasingly pressing. [182], The purpose of reform was to prop up the centrally planned economynot to transition to market socialism. 45. [122] As part of the Moscow political elite, Gorbachev and his wife now had access to better medical care and to specialized shops; they were also given cooks, servants, bodyguards, and secretaries, although many of these were spies for the KGB. [141] Many in the Central Committee nevertheless thought the 53-year-old Gorbachev was too young and inexperienced. Gorbachev biographer William Taubman, 2017[481], According to his university friend Zdenk Mlyn, in the early 1950s "Gorbachev, like everyone else at the time, was a Stalinist". Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance [114] He later related that for him and his wife, these visits "shook our a priori belief in the superiority of socialist over bourgeois democracy". [202] According to Doder and Branson, this meant "greater openness and candour in government affairs and for an interplay of different and sometimes conflicting views in political debates, in the press, and in Soviet culture". d. Wages increased significantly in the first period but stagnated in the second. [542] In this, he brought an end to state socialism in the Soviet Union and paved the way for a transition to liberal democracy. [544] He described Gorbachev as "a true believernot in the Soviet system as it functioned (or didn't) in 1985 but in its potential to live up to what he deemed its original ideals". Former Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who presided over the end Taubman also noted that the former Soviet leader has a "sense of self-importance and self-righteousness" as well as a "need for attention and admiration" which grated on some of his colleagues. The wealthiest nations in the world are mostly located in: b. restored Americans' confidence in their nation. b. The following year, he married his wife, Raisa. [474] After securing the necessary one million signatures of nomination, he announced his candidacy in March. e. had little appeal for most Americans. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned MarxistLeninist governance in 19891992. 48. This should define the role and responsibility of the president. Scholars are puzzled why Gorbachev never pursued a written pledge. [591] Taubman noted that he was "capable of blowing up for calculated effect". His efforts to democratize his countrys political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. d. The Supreme Court reversed its position on access to contraception and allowed states to ban condoms. a. maintaining the purity of cultural traditions. [433] He desperately looked for an opportunity to preserve the Soviet Union, hoping in vain that the media and intelligentsia might rally against the idea of its dissolution. a. Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good. They accepted him without asking for an exam, likely because of his worker-peasant origins and his possession of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. [284], Gorbachev tried to improve relations with the UK, France, and West Germany;[285] like previous Soviet leaders, he was interested in pulling Western Europe away from U.S. [124], In 1978, Gorbachev was appointed to the Central Committee's Secretariat for Agriculture, replacing his old friend Kulakov, who had died of a heart attack. [555] He spoke in a southern Russian accent,[556] and was known to sing both folk and pop songs. This further alienated the liberalizers but was not enough to win over hardliners. [74] With an ability to outmanoeuvre rivals, some colleagues resented his success. Well, It's Complicated", KREMLIN `DID NOT ORDER TROOPS TO USE FORCE'; Seattle Post Intelligencer. a. nuclear proliferation [246] That month, a plenum accepted his recommendations and the Supreme Soviet passed a "law on enterprises" implementing the changes. b. improved medical care. [504] His comments led to Ukraine banning him from entering the country for five years.[505]. [579] A hard worker or workaholic,[580] as general secretary, he would rise at 7:00 or 8:00 in the morning and not go to bed until 1:00 or 2:00. In Russia he is often derided for facilitating the dissolution of the Soviet Unionan event which weakened Russia's global influence and precipitated an economic collapse in Russia and associated states. Concern that the federal government planned to cut federal funding for state and national parks in the West. Gorbachev also moved quickly to shift fundamental political powers to the Soviet Unions constituent republics. Who is Mikhail Gorbachev quizlet? d. Opinion: Mikhail Gorbachev's haunting words on what the world really e. resulted in a rise in economic inequality. There, he again met with Bush. e. the draft process had unfairly drafted the poor and minorities, while white, middle-class men were often exempt. [524] Biographers Doder and Branson related that after Stalin's death, Gorbachev's "ideology would never be doctrinal again",[525] but noted that he remained "a true believer" in the Soviet system. c. Only Carter's defeat in the 1980 election saved him from almost certain impeachment by a heavily Republican Congress. [507][508] In December 2014, he said that both sides in the war in Donbas "have been violating the terms of the ceasefire; both sides are guilty of using dangerous types of weapons and violating human rights",[509] adding that Minsk agreements "form the basis for the settlement" of the conflict. [235] An agreement was then reached to meet with Reagan in Reykjavk, Iceland, in October 1986. [152], On 10 March 1985, Chernenko died. d. Schlafly and her supporters never spoke of American freedom. [544] He added that "until the end, Gorbachev reiterated his belief in socialism, insisting that it wasn't worthy of the name unless it was truly democratic". [536] Gooding also suggested that when in power, Gorbachev came to see socialism not as a place on the path to communism, but a destination in itself. [451] In 1992, he toured the U.S. in a Forbes private jet to raise money for his foundation. a. upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts. The event was co-sponsored by the U.S. and Soviet Union, one of the first examples of such cooperation between the two countries. The Court was willing to abandon the idea overturning local control of schools. Mikhail Gorbachev, who has died aged 91, was the most important world figure of the last quarter of the 20th century. When was Ronald Reagan president? [530] For instance, he thought that rhetoric about global revolution and overthrowing the bourgeoisiewhich had been integral to Leninist politicshad become too dangerous in an era where nuclear warfare could obliterate humanity. d. made little progress. c. focused on taxes and the federal debt. in China, authoritarian rule by the Communist Party persisted. With the assistance of German Chancellor Gerhard Schrder, she was transferred to a cancer center in Mnster, Germany, and there underwent chemotherapy. 23. a. as the only war lost by the United States. a. favored abortion rights. He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies. a. was a scandal that brought down Reagan's cabinet, as well as high-ranking officials in the Marine Corps. [159] Two months after being elected, he left Moscow for the first time, traveling to Leningrad, where he spoke to assembled crowds. [87] However, in August 1968, he was named Second Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, making him the deputy of First Secretary Leonid Yefremov and the second most senior figure in the Stavrapol region. what is perestroika quizlet geography - pbg.lv [389] In September, Yeltsin presented the plan to the Russian Supreme Soviet, which backed it. [206] Particularly popular among the Soviet intelligentsia, who became key Gorbachev supporters,[207] glasnost boosted his domestic popularity but alarmed many Communist Party hardliners. [606] Also in 2016, he underwent surgery to replace his lenses due to cataracts.[607]. [533], According to Doder and Branson, Gorbachev also wanted to "dismantle the hierarchical military society at home and abandon the grand-style, costly, imperialism abroad". b. Politburo 1. Mikhail Gorbachev Flashcards | Quizlet [638] For his domestic supporters, Gorbachev was seen as a reformer trying to modernise the Soviet Union,[639] and to build a form of democratic socialism. One of the reasons that America won the war [442] Gorbachev was the third out of eight Soviet leaders, after Malenkov and Khrushchev, not to die in office. [260], In August 1987, Gorbachev holidayed in Nizhnyaya Oreanda in Oreanda, Crimea, there writing Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and Our World[261] at the suggestion of U.S. [165], Gorbachev was aware that the Politburo could remove him from office, and that he could not pursue more radical reform without a majority of supporters in the Politburo. On 21 August, Vladimir Kryuchkov, Dmitry Yazov, Oleg Baklanov, Anatoly Lukyanov, and Vladimir Ivashko arrived at Gorbachev's dacha to inform him that they were doing so. Proceeds from the event went to the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation. The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office. [222] On becoming leader, Gorbachev saw withdrawal from the war as a key priority. b. the policy of containment. d. growing frustration over America's condition. [153] Gromyko proposed Gorbachev as the next general secretary; as a longstanding party member, Gromyko's recommendation carried great weight among the Central Committee. 19. a. He secured 1,329 in favor to 495 against; 313 votes were invalid or absent. [548] After the fall of the Soviet Union, the newly formed Communist Party of the Russian Federation would have nothing to do with him. [84] In January 1963, Gorbachev was promoted to personnel chief for the regional party's agricultural committee,[85] and in September 1966 became First Secretary of the Stavropol City Party Organization ("Gorkom"). Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms. [287] In March 1987, Thatcher visited Gorbachev in Moscow; despite their ideological differences, they liked one another. 51. a. conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. b. Gorbachev helped take down the long-standing Iron Curtain separating Eastern communist states and Western noncommunist states. We can do business together". a. as the only war lost by the United States. [306] At the summit, Reagan told reporters that he no longer considered the Soviet Union an "evil empire" and the two revealed that they considered themselves friends. b. the availability of drinking water. d. included cuts to government programs. Read Free Chapter 19 Section 3 Popular Culture Answers He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988, as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the only President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. By introducing free elections and creating parliamentary institutions, he laid the groundwork for democracy. Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet politician. 35. Otherwise he could not have survived politically. c. He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike. [543], Taubman nevertheless thought Gorbachev remained a socialist. In 1952, he traveled to Moscow to earn his degree in law. d. growing frustration over America's condition. In Galeotti's view, Andropov was "the godfather of the Gorbachev revolution", becauseas a former head of the KGBhe was able to put forward the case for reform without having his loyalty to the Soviet cause questioned, an approach that Gorbachev was able to build on and follow through with. He graduated with a degree in law in 1955 and went on to hold a number of posts in the Komsomol and regular party organizations in Stavropol, rising to become first secretary of the regional party committee in 1970. b. insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government. d. stagnant economic growth and high inflation. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that: c. fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional. [353] A new 18-member Presidential Council de facto replaced the Politburo. [604] Also in 2014, Gorbachev underwent oral surgery. Even before he left office, Gorbachev had become a kind of social democratbelieving in, as he later put it, equality of opportunity, publicly supported education and medical care, a guaranteed minimum of social welfare, and a "socially oriented market economy"all within a democratic political framework. c. the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. [499], In 2015, Gorbachev ceased his frequent international traveling. [446][447], Out of office, Gorbachev had more time to spend with his wife and family. Why were the major European powers scrambling to seize new territory in the late 1800 s? What led to food shortages in the USSR. [116] His daughter, Irina, married fellow student Anatoly Virgansky in April 1978. 14. . c. declining consumerism. e. human rights as a diplomatic priority. There is a popular fallacy in the west that the Soviet Union had reached crisis point by 1985, that the Communist party's politburo chose Gorbachev as . August 1989 war ein Test fr Gorbatschows" (German 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. [572] He favored small gatherings where the assembled discussed topics like art and philosophy rather than the large, alcohol-fueled parties common among Soviet officials. [340] Gorbachev was too preoccupied with domestic problems to pay much attention to these events. [662] In 2000, he was presented with the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement at an awards ceremony at Hampton Court Palace near London. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. Soviet foreign minister and president of Georgia. [669], "Gorbachev" redirects here. b. a violent revolution. [531] He began to move away from the MarxistLeninist belief in class struggle as the engine of political change, instead viewing politics as a ways of co-ordinating the interests of all classes. In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT: a. boycotting the Moscow Olympics. [28] In 1948, they harvested over 8,000 centners of grain, a feat for which Sergey was awarded the Order of Lenin and his son the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.[29]. [168] Other allies whom he saw promoted were Yakovlev, Anatoly Lukyanov, and Vadim Medvedev. [324] Problems also emerged in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic; in April 1989, Soviet troops crushed Georgian pro-independence demonstrations in Tbilisi, resulting in various deaths. Events outpaced him, however, and the Russian government under Yeltsin readily assumed the functions of the collapsing Soviet government as the various republics agreed to form a new commonwealth under Yeltsins leadership. [196] However, bootleg liquor production rose considerably,[197] and the reform imposed large costs on the Soviet economy, resulting in losses of up to US$100billion between 1985 and 1990. What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon? [384] Other countries were more forthcoming; West Germany had given the Soviets DM60billion by mid-1991. e. A and C. a. b. pledged to pardon Richard Nixon. The country's lea. Gorbachev did not condemn the massacre publicly but it reinforced his commitment not to use violent force in dealing with pro-democracy protests in the Eastern Bloc. 29 1991 . N 2371-I " , ", " 06.11.1991 . b. [385] Bush visited Moscow in late July, when he and Gorbachev concluded ten years of negotiations by signing the START I treaty, a bilateral agreement on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms. [646], He also faced domestic criticism during his rule. [567] When living in Stavropol, he and his wife collected hundreds of books. "[480] At the time, he believed Putin to be a committed democrat who nevertheless had to use "a certain dose of authoritarianism" to stabilize the economy and rebuild the state after the Yeltsin era. How did Mikhail Gorbachev become president of the Soviet Union? [352] Gorbachev struggled to understand Yeltsin's growing popularity, commenting: "he drinks like a fish he's inarticulate, he comes up with the devil knows what, he's like a worn-out record". [432] Gorbachev only learned of this development when Shushkevich phoned him; Gorbachev was furious. a. A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia. The following paragraph contains errors in capitalization. The couple would go on to have one daughter together. Gorbachev remained the undisputed master of the ailing Communist Party, but his attempts to augment his presidential powers through decrees and administrative reshufflings proved fruitless, and his governments authority and effectiveness began a serious decline. [379] Although the Soviet Union had been excluded from the G7, Gorbachev secured an invitation to its London summit in July 1991. [482] Later that year, Gorbachev founded a new movement, the Union of Social Democrats. As a young man he joined the usual Communist Party youth groups. b. [190] In April 1986, he introduced an agrarian reform which linked salaries to output and allowed collective farms to sell 30% of their produce directly to shops or co-operatives rather than giving it all to the state for distribution. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of freedoms was known as: a. dtente. [355], In the 1990 elections for the Russian Supreme Soviet, the Communist Party faced challengers from an alliance of liberalisers known as "Democratic Russia"; the latter did particularly well in urban centers. [288] In April 1989 he visited London, lunching with Elizabeth II. In foreign affairs, Gorbachev cultivated friendlier relations with noncommunist states, including and especially the United States. [470] Shortly after, in July, Raisa was diagnosed with leukemia. President Ford vetoed federal funding for abortion. Moving to Stavropol, he worked for the Komsomol youth organization and, after Stalin's death, became a keen proponent of the de-Stalinization reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. North America and Western Europe. 6. e. Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program. In 1952, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Iran Crisis? He convinced those on strike to come back to the bargaining table and renegotiate their contracts. Read more. [422] Gorbachev attended a session of the Russian Supreme Soviet on 23 August, where Yeltsin aggressively criticized him for having appointed and promoted many of the coup members to start with.[423]. [13] Gorbachev's maternal grandfather joined the Communist Party and helped form the village's first kolkhoz (collective farm) in 1929, becoming its chair. A funeral for Gorbachev was held on 3 September 2022 from 10 a.m. to 12 noon in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. e. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In foreign policy, Reagan: Never in his worst nightmare could he have imagined that perestroika would lead to the destruction of the Soviet Union". [198] Gorbachev later considered the campaign to have been an error,[199] and it was terminated in October 1988.